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聚簇索引与非聚簇索引

2023-05-29 12:05:36
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不论是 聚集索引,还是非聚集索引,都是用B+树来实现的。我们在了解这两种索引之前,需要先了解B+树。

BTree,B-Tree,B+Tree,B*Tree都是什么

B+ 树的结构图:

B+树的结构图

B+ 树的特点:

(1)所有关键字都出现在叶子结点的链表中(稠密索引),且链表中的关键字恰好是有序的;

(2)不可能在非叶子结点命中;

(3)非叶子结点相当于是叶子结点的索引(稀疏索引),叶子结点相当于是存储(关键字)数据的数据层;

B+ 树中增加一个数据,或者删除一个数据,需要分多种情况处理,比较复杂,这里就不详述这个内容了。

聚集索引(Clustered Index)

聚集索引的叶节点就是实际的数据页;在数据页中数据按照索引顺序存储;行的物理位置和行在索引中的位置是相同的;每个表只能有一个聚集索引;聚集索引的平均大小大约为表大小的5%左右。

下面是两副简单描述聚集索引的示意图:

在聚集索引中执行下面语句的的过程:select * from table where firstName = 'Ota'

聚集索引示意图

一个比较抽象点的聚集索引图示:

align="center"聚集索引图

非聚集索引 (Unclustered Index)
  非聚集索引的页,不是数据,而是指向数据页的页。
  若未指定索引类型,则默认为非聚集索引
  叶节点页的次序和表的物理存储次序不同
  每个表最多可以有249个非聚集索引
  在非聚集索引创建之前创建聚集索引(否则会引发索引重建)
  在非聚集索引中执行下面语句的的过程:  

select * from employee where lname = 'Green'

非聚集索引

一个比较抽象点的非聚集索引图示:

非聚集索引示意图

什么是 Bookmark Lookup
  虽然SQL 2005 中已经不在提 Bookmark Lookup 了(换汤不换药),但是我们的很多搜索都是用的这样的搜索过程,如下:

  先在非聚集中找,然后再在聚集索引中找。
 

BookMark Lookup

这里举一个例子,给我们演示 Bookmark Lookup 比 Table Scan 慢的情况,例子的脚本如下:

  USE CREDIT
  go
  -- These samples use the Credit database. You can download and restore the
  -- credit database from here:
  -- http://www.sqlskills.com/resources/conferences/CreditBackup80.zip
  -- NOTE: This is a SQL Server 2000 backup and MANY examples will work on
  -- SQL Server 2000 in addition to SQL Server 2005.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  -- (1) Create two tables which are copies of charge:
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  -- Create the HEAP
  SELECT * INTO ChargeHeap FROM Charge
  go
  -- Create the CL Table
  SELECT * INTO ChargeCL FROM Charge
  go
  CREATE CLUSTERED INDEX ChargeCL_CLInd ON ChargeCL (member_no, charge_no)
  go
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  -- (2) Add the same non-clustered indexes to BOTH of these tables:
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  -- Create the NC index on the HEAP
  CREATE INDEX ChargeHeap_NCInd ON ChargeHeap (Charge_no)
  go
  -- Create the NC index on the CL Table
  CREATE INDEX ChargeCL_NCInd ON ChargeCL (Charge_no)
  go
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  -- (3) Begin to query these tables and see what kind of access and I/O returns
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  -- Get ready for a bit of analysis:
  SET STATISTICS IO ON
  -- Turn Graphical Showplan ON (Ctrl+K)
  -- First, a point query (also, see how a bookmark lookup looks in 2005)
  SELECT * FROM ChargeHeap WHERE Charge_no = 12345
  go
  SELECT * FROM ChargeCL WHERE Charge_no = 12345
  go
  -- What if our query is less selective?
  -- 1000 is .0625% of our data... (1,600,000 million rows)
  SELECT * FROM ChargeHeap WHERE Charge_no < 1000
  go
  SELECT * FROM ChargeCL WHERE Charge_no < 1000
  go
  -- What if our query is less selective?
  -- 16000 is 1% of our data... (1,600,000 million rows)
  SELECT * FROM ChargeHeap WHERE Charge_no < 16000
  go
  SELECT * FROM ChargeCL WHERE Charge_no < 16000
  go
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  -- (4) What's the EXACT percentage where the bookmark lookup isn't worth it?
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  -- What happens here: Table Scan or Bookmark lookup?
  SELECT * FROM ChargeHeap WHERE Charge_no < 4000
  go
  SELECT * FROM ChargeCL WHERE Charge_no < 4000
  go
  -- What happens here: Table Scan or Bookmark lookup?
  SELECT * FROM ChargeHeap WHERE Charge_no < 3000
  go
  SELECT * FROM ChargeCL WHERE Charge_no < 3000
  go
  -- And - you can narrow it down by trying the middle ground:
  -- What happens here: Table Scan or Bookmark lookup?
  SELECT * FROM ChargeHeap WHERE Charge_no < 3500
  go
  SELECT * FROM ChargeCL WHERE Charge_no < 3500
  go
  -- And again:
  SELECT * FROM ChargeHeap WHERE Charge_no < 3250
  go
  SELECT * FROM ChargeCL WHERE Charge_no < 3250
  go
  -- And again:
  SELECT * FROM ChargeHeap WHERE Charge_no < 3375
  go
  SELECT * FROM ChargeCL WHERE Charge_no < 3375
  go
  -- Don't worry, I won't make you go through it all :)
  -- For the Heap Table (in THIS case), the cutoff is: 0.21%
  SELECT * FROM ChargeHeap WHERE Charge_no < 3383
  go
  SELECT * FROM ChargeHeap WHERE Charge_no < 3384
  go
  -- For the Clustered Table (in THIS case), the cut-off is: 0.21%
  SELECT * FROM ChargeCL WHERE Charge_no < 3438
  SELECT * FROM ChargeCL WHERE Charge_no < 3439
  go

这个例子也就是 吴家震 在Teched 2007 上的那个演示例子。

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